Search your symptoms with MEDgle. You can check your symptoms. It is a medical symptom search allowing you find out what options make sense for you.
CLOSE
PATIENT GPS
patients
healthcare providers
how it works
about
login
edit search
new search
symptoms
diagnoses
physicians
drugs
procedures
close
symptoms
diagnoses
drugs
procedures
physicians
symptom duration
0-3 days
4-14 days
2 weeks-2 months
2-6 months
6 months +
add symptom to current symptom search
same as above
0-3 days
4-14 days
2 weeks-2 months
2-6 months
6 months +
add symptom to current symptom search
same as above
0-3 days
4-14 days
2 weeks-2 months
2-6 months
6 months +
add symptom to current symptom search
same as above
0-3 days
4-14 days
2 weeks-2 months
2-6 months
6 months +
gender
male
female
age
1-3
4-11
12-17
18-29
30-50
50+
age
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
calculate
visual
[hide visual search]
search visually
symptoms
|
diagnoses
|
drugs
|
procedures
|
physicians
search symptoms
•
Find causes for your symptoms
•
Discover relevant types of physicians
search diagnoses
•
Understand the details of a diagnosis
•
Learn about relevant tests and treatments
•
Find useful resources on the web
search drugs
•
Learn about different therapeutic drugs
•
Understand what they are used for
•
Know the potential options
search procedures
•
Learn about different diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
•
Understand what they are used for
•
Know the potential options
search physicians
•
Find physicians in your area
•
Understand what they do
•
Get the right help you need
bone biopsy
reduced results from
148 billion
619 million
11 million
72240
to ~170 options
options split into images, definition, symptoms, related diagnoses, diagnostic tests, therapies, and medications
what is 'bone biopsy'?
Definition for Bone biopsy
Bone biopsy is also known as: biopsy bone
Bone biopsy is a medical procedure used for such diagnoses as: osteoporosis, osteomalacia and renal osteodystrophy.
related diagnosis for 'bone biopsy'
1 - 5 of
15
diagnosis
osteoporosis
decrease in bone mineral density resulting in weak bones prone to fractures
Bone biopsy and osteoporosis
osteomalacia
soft bones caused by deficiency of vitamin D
Bone biopsy and osteomalacia
renal osteodystrophy
bone problems caused by renal disease
Bone biopsy and renal osteodystrophy
Paget's disease of bone
chronic disease resulting in enlarged and deformed bones
Bone biopsy and Paget's disease of bone
Ewing's sarcoma
bone tumor commonly seen in pelvis and long bones
Bone biopsy and Ewing's sarcoma
aneurysmal bone cyst
blood filled cyst in bone
Bone biopsy and aneurysmal bone cyst
avascular necrosis of bone
disorder caused by loss of blood supply to bone
Bone biopsy and avascular necrosis of bone
avascular necrosis of femoral head
disease due to loss of blood supply to head of thigh bone
Bone biopsy and avascular necrosis of femoral head
hypocalcemia
low blood calcium
Bone biopsy and hypocalcemia
osteomyelitis
bone infection
Bone biopsy and osteomyelitis
hypophosphatasia
rare inherited metabolic disease resulting in decreased bone mineralization
Bone biopsy and hypophosphatasia
hypophosphatemia
low blood phosphorus
Bone biopsy and hypophosphatemia
osteosarcoma
malignant bone tumor
Bone biopsy and osteosarcoma
sporotrichosis
multisystem disease caused by fungus
Bone biopsy and sporotrichosis
benign bone tumors
non malignant growths in bone
Bone biopsy and benign bone tumors
for more please login, login is free (click to login)
related procedure for 'bone biopsy'/associated diagnoses
1 - 5 of
112
procedures
X-rays
Bone biopsy and X-rays
bone scan
Bone biopsy and bone scan
Serum Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Bone biopsy and Serum Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Serum calcium
Bone biopsy and Serum calcium
CT scan
Bone biopsy and CT scan
Urinary electrolytes
Bone biopsy and Urinary electrolytes
Nutritional counseling
Bone biopsy and Nutritional counseling
diet modification
Bone biopsy and diet modification
Serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase
Bone biopsy and Serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase
Serum phosphorus
Bone biopsy and Serum phosphorus
X-ray spine
Bone biopsy and X-ray spine
CT bones
Bone biopsy and CT bones
Bone Density Scan
DEXA scan
Bone biopsy and Bone Density Scan
Complete Blood Count
Bone biopsy and Complete Blood Count
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D
Bone biopsy and Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D
Serum 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D
active hormonal form of vitamin D
Bone biopsy and Serum 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D
Skeletal radiograph survey
Bone biopsy and Skeletal radiograph survey
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Bone biopsy and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
24 hour urine calcium
the amount of calcium that is excreted from the body
Bone biopsy and 24 hour urine calcium
Adequate Vitamin D Intake
Bone biopsy and Adequate Vitamin D Intake
for more please login, login is free (click to login)
related medication for 'bone biopsy'/associated diagnoses
1 - 5 of
112
drugs
alendronate
Bone biopsy and alendronate
alendronate(fosamax )
Bone biopsy and alendronate(fosamax )
calcitonin(calcitonin-salmon)
Bone biopsy and calcitonin(calcitonin-salmon)
risedronate
Bone biopsy and risedronate
risedronate(actonel )
Bone biopsy and risedronate(actonel )
calcitonin
Bone biopsy and calcitonin
alendronate-cholecalciferol(fosamax plus d )
Bone biopsy and alendronate-cholecalciferol(fosamax plus d )
calcium carbonate(maalox quick dissolve)
Bone biopsy and calcium carbonate(maalox quick dissolve)
calcium carbonate-risedronate(actonel with calcium )
Bone biopsy and calcium carbonate-risedronate(actonel with calcium )
calcium citrate and vitamin d (citracal-d)
Bone biopsy and calcium citrate and vitamin d (citracal-d)
calcium citrate(calcium citrate tetrahydrate )
Bone biopsy and calcium citrate(calcium citrate tetrahydrate )
calcium lactate(calcium lactate pentahydrate , calcium lactate trihydrate)
Bone biopsy and calcium lactate(calcium lactate pentahydrate , calcium lactate trihydrate)
cholecalciferol
Bone biopsy and cholecalciferol
conjugated estrogens(premarin)
Bone biopsy and conjugated estrogens(premarin)
conjugated estrogens-medroxyprogesterone(prempro , premphase)
Bone biopsy and conjugated estrogens-medroxyprogesterone(prempro , premphase)
estradiol(estrace)
Bone biopsy and estradiol(estrace)
estradiol-levonorgestrel(climara pro )
Bone biopsy and estradiol-levonorgestrel(climara pro )
estradiol-norethindrone(activella)
Bone biopsy and estradiol-norethindrone(activella)
estropipate(ortho-est)
Bone biopsy and estropipate(ortho-est)
ibandronate(boniva )
Bone biopsy and ibandronate(boniva )
for more please login, login is free (click to login)
The following are types of physicians relevant for 'Bone biopsy'.
related types of physicians 'family practitioner, internist, metabolic specialist'
show local physicians
postal code
Find Local
stars represent relevance to topic not rating
more
The results are computer generated suggestions to help you find a physician. MEDgle does not recommend any particular type of physician or claim to be complete or accurate in the providers and specialties suggested.
web search results for 'bone biopsy'?
Results
1 - 50
- Bone biopsy
Bone Biopsy
A bone biopsy is a test in which a small sample of bone is removed from the body and examined under a microscope for cancer, infection, or other bone disorders.
http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/bone-biopsy
www.webmd.com
-
summary
Bone biopsy
A biopsy needle retrieves a sample of bone and it is sent for examination. ... Bone biopsy may also be performed to determine the cause of bone pain and tenderness. ...
http://adam.about.com/encyclopedia/Bone-biopsy.htm
adam.about.com
-
summary
MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Bone lesion biopsy
Bone biopsy may also be performed under general anesthesia for surgical excision ... The most common reasons for bone lesion biopsy are to tell the difference ...
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003923.htm
www.nlm.nih.gov
-
summary
Bone Marrow Aspiration and Cancer Biopsy Information on MedicineNet.com
Learn about bone marrow aspiration procedure and cancr biopsy information on MedicineNet.com ... Topics Related to Bone Marrow Aspiration And Biopsy. Doctors' Views ...
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7201
www.medicinenet.com
-
summary
Bone biopsy in haematological disorders.
Landys K, Stenram U. Bone marrow biopsy of the posterior iliac crest with ... Rasmussen I, Sondergaard-Petersen H. Bone-marrow biopsy with the bordier trephine. ...
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=497529
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
-
summary
Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy
A bone marrow biopsy removes bone with the marrow inside to look at under a microscope. ... The biopsy of bone marrow is done first, and taking fluid ...
http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/bone-marrow-aspiration-and-biopsy
www.webmd.com
-
summary
Bone lesion biopsy
The biopsy needle is pushed and twisted into the bone. ... The most common reasons for bone lesion biopsy are to tell the difference ...
http://adam.about.com/encyclopedia/Bone-lesion-biopsy.htm
adam.about.com
-
summary
Definition of bone marrow biopsy - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
bone marrow biopsy (bone MAYR-oh BY-op-see) ... of a sample of tissue from the bone marrow with a needle for examination under a ...
http://www.nci.nih.gov/Templates/db_alpha.aspx?CdrID=46506
www.nci.nih.gov
-
summary
MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Bone marrow biopsy
The bone marrow biopsy may be done in the health care provider's office or in a hospital. ... The biopsy needle is then inserted into the bone. ...
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003934.htm
www.nlm.nih.gov
-
summary
Bone marrow trephine biopsy
A bone marrow biopsy technique suitable for use in neonates. Br J Haematol. ... Roald B. Adequacy of bone marrow trephine biopsy specimens in children. J Clin ...
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1731298
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
-
summary
Bone marrow biopsy
The bone marrow biopsy may be done in the health care provider's office or in a hospital. ... The biopsy needle is then inserted into the bone. ...
http://adam.about.com/encyclopedia/Bone-marrow-biopsy.htm
adam.about.com
-
summary
MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Bone biopsy
A biopsy needle retrieves a sample of bone and it is sent for examination. ... Bone biopsy may also be performed to determine the cause of bone pain and tenderness. ...
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/9754.htm
www.nlm.nih.gov
-
summary
Bone marrow trephine biopsy in lymphoproliferative disease.
Value of bilateral bone marrow biopsy specimens in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. ... Wittels B. Bone marrow biopsy changes following chemotherapy for acute leukemia. ...
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=495095
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
-
summary
Biopsy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
... formed in the bone marrow, a bone marrow biopsy is employed in the ... cells (leukemia and lymphoma) a bone marrow biopsy is used in staging the disease. ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsy
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
Bone Marrow Aspiration and Cancer Biopsy Information on MedicineNet.com
Information on many different cancers includes symptoms, cancer detection and prevention, and treatment options. ... Bone Marrow Aspiration And Biopsy Glossary ...
http://www.medicinenet.com/bone_marrow/index.htm
www.medicinenet.com
-
summary
What Are Bone Marrow Tests?
Bone marrow tests are used to check whether your bone marrow is healthy. ... The two bone marrow tests are ... A bone marrow biopsy is a followup test. ...
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/bmt/bmt_whatare.html
www.nhlbi.nih.gov
-
summary
Bone lesion biopsy
Bone biopsy; Biopsy - bone. Normal Values: ... Biopsy. Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment ... Bone marrow biopsy. Explore Health Topics A-Z. Must Reads ...
http://adam.about.com/encyclopedia/003923res.htm
adam.about.com
-
summary
Bone Marrow Test - How is a bone marrow test done?
Bone marrow test procedure explained. A step by step guide to bone marrow biopsy and aspiration. ... A bone marrow biopsy or aspiration is a prcedure to ...
http://lymphoma.about.com/od/testsforlymphoma/f/howbonemarrow.htm
lymphoma.about.com
-
summary
Bone marrow examination - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bone marrow samples can be obtained by aspiration and trephine biopsy. ... An Illustrated Guide to Performing the Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy (PDF) ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow_examination
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
An appraisal of bone marrow biopsy in assessment of sick dogs.
... R, Frisch B, Bartl R. Bone biopsy in haematological disorders. J Clin ... The bone marrow of the dog: a comparative study of biopsy material obtained from ...
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1236113
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
-
summary
Bone lesion biopsy
Biopsy. Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. Introduction to Basal Cell Carcinoma ... Bone marrow biopsy. Explore Health Topics A-Z. Must Reads ...
http://adam.about.com/encyclopedia/003923ris.htm
adam.about.com
-
summary
Cartilage in bone marrow biopsy and purple granular deposits in the ...
Keywords: bone marrow biopsy, touch imprint, cartilage, artefact ... Bone marrow biopsy. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1981. ...
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1770110
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
-
summary
Bone Marrow Test - Commonly asked questions on the Bone Marrow Test
The bone marrow test - aspiration or biopsy - is a commmon procedure in cancers ... to four commonly asked questions on bone marrow biopsy and aspiration. ...
http://lymphoma.about.com/od/testsforlymphoma/tp/bonemarrow.htm
lymphoma.about.com
-
summary
Bone Marrow Tests - All Sections (printer-friendly)
Print All Page for Blood Transfusion ... A bone marrow biopsy is a followup test. ... Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy take about 20 minutes each. ...
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/bmt/bmt_all.html
www.nhlbi.nih.gov
-
summary
How Is Paget's Disease of Bone Diagnosed?
... occasions, a fourth test called a bone biopsy also may be used to confirm ... Bone biopsy: In rare cases, a biopsy (a small sample of tissue removed for ...
http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Pagets/diagnosed.asp
www.niams.nih.gov
-
summary
Bone marrow biopsy morbidity: review of 2003
... in general, bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy are thought to be safe procedures. ... Bone marrow biopsy morbidity and mortality: 2002 data. ...
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1770618
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
-
summary
Bone marrow biopsy
Bone marrow is soft tissue found inside some of the larger bones in the body. ... Bone marrow biopsy. Gaucher disease - Information - Cause - Symptoms ...
http://adam.about.com/encyclopedia/003934res.htm
adam.about.com
-
summary
Bone Marrow Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com
Bone Marrow glossary includes a list of Bone Marrow related medical definitions and ... Topics Related to Bone Marrow Aspiration And Biopsy. Doctors' Views ...
http://www.medicinenet.com/bone_marrow/glossary.htm
www.medicinenet.com
-
summary
Leukemia Diagnosis - Tests Used to Diagnose Leukemia
Many different types of tests are used to find and diagnose leukemia. ... A bone marrow biopsy or aspiration is done in in the doctor's office. ...
http://leukemia.about.com/od/diagnosingleukemia/a/Diagnosis.htm
leukemia.about.com
-
summary
Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute
There are many different types of biopsy procedures. ... needle is used, the procedure is called a core biopsy. ... bone marrow biopsy (bone MAYR-oh BY-op-see) ...
http://www.nci.nih.gov/dictionary/db_alpha.aspx?expand=b
www.nci.nih.gov
-
summary
Bone Marrow Test - What does the bone marrow test report show?
The bone marrow biopsy or aspiration test can give us a lot of information about ... bone marrow test. tests for lymphoma. lymph node biopsy. lymphoma markers ...
http://lymphoma.about.com/od/testsforlymphoma/p/marrowreport.htm
lymphoma.about.com
-
summary
Are routine iron stains on bone marrow trephine biopsy specimens necessary?
... and iron content of H&E and Perls' stained bone marrow trephine biopsy specimens ... Grading of iron or haemosiderin in bone marrow biopsy sections2 ...
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pub...
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
-
summary
Bone Biopsy - Yahoo! Health
A bone biopsy is a procedure in which a small sample of bone is taken from the ... tomography (CT scan) or a bone scan may be used to guide the biopsy needle. ...
http://health.yahoo.com/musculoskeletal-diagnosis/bone-biops...
health.yahoo.com
-
summary
Bone marrow biopsy and aspiration - MayoClinic.com
Bone marrow biopsy and aspiration ? Overview covers definition, risks, results of this procedure. ... In a bone marrow biopsy, a sample of the more solid ...
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bone-marrow-biopsy/CA00068
www.mayoclinic.com
-
summary
Bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy. An approach to a thorough study.
A thorough bone marrow morphologic study involves examination of peripheral ... bone marrow smears, trephine biopsy imprints, particle and trephine biopsy ...
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/362888
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
-
summary
What To Expect During Bone Marrow Tests
Bone marrow tests are used to check whether your bone marrow is healthy. ... Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy take about 20 minutes each. ...
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/bmt/bmt_during.html
www.nhlbi.nih.gov
-
summary
Bone Cancer Symptoms, Types, Diagnosis and Treatment Facts on ...
Learn about bone cancer symptoms, treatment, diagnosis and types (osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, ... Your doctor may then obtain a biopsy sample of the tumor. ...
http://www.medicinenet.com/bone_cancer/page3.htm
www.medicinenet.com
-
summary
WebMD Medical Tests A-Z - Find information on medical tests from A to Z
Find a comprehensive index of articles on medical tests ... Biopsy of genital warts (human papillomavirus) Biopsy, Bone. Biopsy, Bone Marrow. Biopsy, Breast ...
http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/tests/b.htm
www.webmd.com
-
summary
Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy - Yahoo! Health
A bone marrow biopsy removes a small amount of bone and a small amount of fluid ... Health Home > Blood Disorders > Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy ...
http://health.yahoo.com/blood-diagnosis/bone-marrow-aspirati...
health.yahoo.com
-
summary
Click here to view reference
Culture of percutaneous bone biopsy specimens for diagnosis of diabetic foot ... Percutaneous bone biopsy seems to be safe for patients with diabetic foot ...
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16323092?dopt=AbstractPlus
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
-
summary
Bone marrow biopsy and aspiration: What you can expect - MayoClinic.com
Bone marrow biopsy and aspiration ? Overview covers definition, risks, results of this procedure. ... A bone marrow biopsy and aspiration are usually done by a ...
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bone-marrow-biopsy/MY00305/...
www.mayoclinic.com
-
summary
Tests for Lymphoma
An introduction to tests like biopsy, bone marrow examination, scans and markers. ... The bone marrow test - aspiration or biopsy - is a commmon procedure in cancers ...
http://lymphoma.about.com/od/testsforlymphoma/Tests_for_Lymphoma.htm
lymphoma.about.com
-
summary
MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Biopsy
A needle (percutaneous) biopsy removes tissue using a hollow ... Bone lesion biopsy. Bone marrow biopsy. Breast biopsy. Bronchoscopy with transtracheal biopsy ...
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm
www.nlm.nih.gov
-
summary
Dictionary of Cancer Terms
bone marrow biopsy (bone MAYR-oh BY-op-see) ... of a sample of tissue from the bone marrow with a needle for examination under a ... Enlarge. Send to Printer ...
http://www.nci.nih.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=4...
www.nci.nih.gov
-
summary
Osteogenesis Imperfecta Overview
Fact sheets from the National Institutes of Health. ... Both the collagen biopsy test and DNA test are thought to detect almost 90 ... Diagnosed by bone biopsy. ...
http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteogenesis_Imperfecta/default.asp
www.niams.nih.gov
-
summary
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy - Cancer Information (Cancers, Symptoms ...
Information on many different cancers includes symptoms, cancer detection and prevention, and treatment ... Heart, Bone Problems and Prostate Cancer Treatment ...
http://www.medicinenet.com/sentinel_lymph_node_biopsy/article.htm
www.medicinenet.com
-
summary
Bone marrow biopsy and aspiration: Why it's done - MayoClinic.com
Bone marrow biopsy and aspiration ? Overview covers definition, risks, results of this procedure. ... a bone marrow biopsy, a sample of solid bone marrow ...
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bone-marrow-biopsy/MY00305/...
www.mayoclinic.com
-
summary
Key Points
Bone marrow tests are used to check whether your bone marrow is healthy. ... The two bone marrow tests are aspiration and biopsy. ...
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/bmt/bmt_summary.html
www.nhlbi.nih.gov
-
summary
How to Diagnose a Compression Fracture
Learn about back pain caused by a spinal compression fracture and how it's diagnosed. ... Also, a bone biopsy may be done because a small percentage of patients have ...
http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/spinal-compression-fractures-diagnosing
www.webmd.com
-
summary
Glossary
fine needle aspiration bone marrow transplantation incisional biopsy excisional biopsy core biopsy: Cancer glossary. ... includes the bone marrow, spleen, ...
http://seniorhealth.about.com/library/conditions/blcancer20.htm
seniorhealth.about.com
-
summary
show more
1
2
Chat with eNurse Kim about 'Bone biopsy' or something else!
quick facts
related diagnosis category
bone and mineral metabolism
back problems
orthopedics
infectious diseases
oncology
faq/about
|
disclaimer
|
privacy policy
|
terms of service
|
browse
|
beta
|
contact
|
API - Catalyst
|
advertise
MEDgle does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Copyright 2006-2011, MEDgle Inc. All Rights Reserved. MEDgle is NOT affiliated with Google. Last Updated: July 24, 2011
This site complies to the
HONcode standard for trustworthy health
information:
verify here
.
Invited Sponsor for Communications Conference
Finalist -- search & reference
MEDgle has been selected for the 2009 Best of Business Award in the Medical research