Search your symptoms with MEDgle. You can check your symptoms. It is a medical symptom search allowing you find out what options make sense for you.
CLOSE
your personalized medical decision engine
↓
login - health profile
edit search
new search
symptoms
diagnoses
physicians
drugs
procedures
close
feedback
symptoms
diagnoses
drugs
procedures
physicians
symptom duration
0-3 days
4-14 days
2 weeks-2 months
2-6 months
6 months +
add symptom to current symptom search
same as above
0-3 days
4-14 days
2 weeks-2 months
2-6 months
6 months +
add symptom to current symptom search
same as above
0-3 days
4-14 days
2 weeks-2 months
2-6 months
6 months +
add symptom to current symptom search
same as above
0-3 days
4-14 days
2 weeks-2 months
2-6 months
6 months +
gender
male
female
age
1-3
4-11
12-17
18-29
30-50
50+
age
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
visual
hide visual search
search visually
:
symptoms
|
diagnoses
|
drugs
|
procedures
|
physicians
search symptoms
•
Find causes for your symptoms
•
Learn potential diagnostic tests
•
Discover relevant physicians
* click on image for symptoms. use search box for complete set of symptoms.
search diagnoses
•
Understand the details of a diagonsis
•
Learn about relevant tests and treatments
•
Find useful resources on the web
* click on image for diagnoses.
search drugs
•
Learn about different therapeutic drugs
•
Understand what they are used for
•
Know the potential options
* click on image for drugs.
search procedures
•
Learn about different diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
•
Understand what they are used for
•
Know the potential options
* click on image for procedures.
search physicians
•
Find physicians in your area
•
Understand what they do
•
Get the right help you need
* click on image for physicians.
mannitol
what is 'mannitol'?
Definition for mannitol
Mannitol is an organic compound with the formula (C 6 H 8 (OH) 6 ). This polyol is used as an osmotic diuretic agent and a weak renal vasodilator . It was originally isolated from the secretions of the flowering ash , called manna after their resemblance to the Biblical food, and is also be referred to as mannite and manna Sugar. [ 1 ]
search results for diagnoses treated with 'mannitol'
1 - 5 of
21
diagnosis
head injury
trauma to skull scalp or brain
web search for:
mannitol and head injury
increased intracranial pressure
increased pressure in brain
web search for:
mannitol and increased intracranial pressure
malignant hyperthermia
life threatening reaction to certain drugs resulting in extremely high body temperature
web search for:
mannitol and malignant hyperthermia
medulloblastoma
type of brain tumor
web search for:
mannitol and medulloblastoma
myoglobinuria
muscle destruction releasing myoglobin in urine
web search for:
mannitol and myoglobinuria
classic heat stroke
heat stroke occurring in situations with high environmental temperature
web search for:
mannitol and classic heat stroke
crush injuries
effects of traumatic compression of body
web search for:
mannitol and crush injuries
exertional heat stroke
condition occurring during heavy physical exercise in very hot and humid temperatures
web search for:
mannitol and exertional heat stroke
hyphema
blood n anterior chamber of eye
web search for:
mannitol and hyphema
transfusion reactions
reactions from blood transfusions
web search for:
mannitol and transfusion reactions
cerebral hemorrhage
stroke caused by bleeding in the brain
web search for:
mannitol and cerebral hemorrhage
neuroleptic malignant syndrome
drug induced life threatening neurological condition
web search for:
mannitol and neuroleptic malignant syndrome
cysticercosis
accumulation of larval cysts of tapeworm in body tissues
web search for:
mannitol and cysticercosis
mushroom poisoning
poisoning caused by toxic mushrooms
web search for:
mannitol and mushroom poisoning
hepatic failure or coma
liver failure causing central nervous system damage
web search for:
mannitol and hepatic failure or coma
rhabdomyolysis
rapid breakdown of muscle tissue causing release of myoglobin into the blood
web search for:
mannitol and rhabdomyolysis
subarachnoid hemorrhage
bleeding under the arachnoid membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord
web search for:
mannitol and subarachnoid hemorrhage
ascites
increased fluid in peritoneal cavity
web search for:
mannitol and ascites
Japanese encephalitis
favidae viral brain infection seen in the far east
web search for:
mannitol and Japanese encephalitis
ciguatera poisoning
marine food poisoning
web search for:
mannitol and ciguatera poisoning
for more please login, login is free (click to login)
search results for related procedures when taking 'mannitol'
1 - 5 of
58
procedures
ABO Blood Groups
web search for:
mannitol and ABO Blood Groups
Activated partial thromboplastin time
web search for:
mannitol and Activated partial thromboplastin time
Anti IgA in pretransfusion sample of recipients' serum
web search for:
mannitol and Anti IgA in pretransfusion sample of recipients' serum
Arterial Blood Gas
web search for:
mannitol and Arterial Blood Gas
Arterial line
placement of catheter in artery
web search for:
mannitol and Arterial line
BUN
web search for:
mannitol and BUN
Blood Group Antibody Screen
web search for:
mannitol and Blood Group Antibody Screen
Blood Group Typing, ABO and Rh(D)
web search for:
mannitol and Blood Group Typing, ABO and Rh(D)
Blood, Platelet Count
Platelet Count
web search for:
mannitol and Blood, Platelet Count
Brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
web search for:
mannitol and Brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
CMV serology
web search for:
mannitol and CMV serology
CPDA-1-anticoagulated red cells
web search for:
mannitol and CPDA-1-anticoagulated red cells
Cardiac monitoring
web search for:
mannitol and Cardiac monitoring
Chest X-ray
Radiological technique to image the chest
web search for:
mannitol and Chest X-ray
Complete Blood Count
web search for:
mannitol and Complete Blood Count
Complete metabolic panel
web search for:
mannitol and Complete metabolic panel
Coombs test
web search for:
mannitol and Coombs test
Cryoprecipitate
web search for:
mannitol and Cryoprecipitate
Cytokine Assay
web search for:
mannitol and Cytokine Assay
D dimers
web search for:
mannitol and D dimers
for more please login, login is free (click to login)
related medication search results for 'mannitol'
1 - 5 of
10
drugs
acetaminophen
web search for:
mannitol and acetaminophen
chlorpheniramine(chlor-trimeton)
web search for:
mannitol and chlorpheniramine(chlor-trimeton)
dexamethasone injection(dexasone)
web search for:
mannitol and dexamethasone injection(dexasone)
dexamethasone(decadron)
web search for:
mannitol and dexamethasone(decadron)
diphenhydramine
web search for:
mannitol and diphenhydramine
dopamine
web search for:
mannitol and dopamine
epinephrine
web search for:
mannitol and epinephrine
furosemide
web search for:
mannitol and furosemide
hydrocortisone(cortef)
web search for:
mannitol and hydrocortisone(cortef)
oxygen
web search for:
mannitol and oxygen
for more please login, login is free (click to login)
The following are types of physicians relevant for 'mannitol'.
related types of physicians 'family practitioner, internist, neurologist, neurosurgeon'
show local physicians
postal code
Find Local
stars represent relevance to topic not rating
more
The results are computer generated suggestions to help you find a physician. MEDgle does not recommend any particular type of physician or claim to be complete or accurate in the providers and specialties suggested.
web search results for 'mannitol'?
Results
1 - 50
- mannitol
D-Mannitol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mannitol is an organic compound with the formula (C6H8(OH)6) ... Consequently, mannitol increases water and Na+ excretion, thereby decreasing ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannitol
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
Mannitol IV (Mannitol Injection) Drug Information: Uses, Side Effects ...
Learn about the prescription medication Mannitol IV (Mannitol Injection), drug uses, dosage, side effects, drug interactions, warnings, and patient labeling.
http://www.rxlist.com/mannitol-iv-drug.htm
www.rxlist.com
-
summary
MANNITOL - INJECTABLE (Osmitrol) side effects, medical uses, and drug ...
Read more about the prescription drug MANNITOL - INJECTABLE. ... USES: Mannitol is used to increase urine production (diuretic) ...
http://www.medicinenet.com/mannitol-injectable/article.htm
www.medicinenet.com
-
summary
Mannitol Official FDA information, side effects and uses.
Accurate, FDA approved Mannitol information for healthcare professionals and patients - brought ... Mannitol induces diuresis by elevating the osmolarity of ...
http://www.drugs.com/pro/mannitol.html
www.drugs.com
-
summary
Mannitol: Drug Information Provided by Lexi-Comp: Merck Manual Professional
Hypersensitivity to mannitol or any component or the formulation; severe renal ... Effect of Hypertonic Mannitol in Patients With Chronic Renal Insufficiency, ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/lexicomp/mannitol.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Mannitol - Yahoo! Health
Mannitol is a diuretic. ... To be sure mannitol is helping your condition and not causing harmful effects, ... determine how long to treat you with mannitol. ...
http://health.yahoo.com/other-other/mannitol/healthwise--d00282a1.html
health.yahoo.com
-
summary
Mannitol - PubChem Public Chemical Database
PubChem Compound Summary ... Mannitol - Substance Summary (SID 149173) ... OSMITROL Injection (Mannitol Injection, USP)in VIAFLEX Plastic ContainerFor ...
http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=149173
pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
-
summary
Drug Information for Mannitol 5 % IV - WebMD
Find medical information for Mannitol 5 % IV including side effects, drug interactions, images and pictures, medication uses, warnings, user ratings and reviews.
http://www.webmd.com/drugs/drug-149408-Mannitol+5++IV.aspx?d...
www.webmd.com
-
summary
Mannitol: Can it improve stroke recovery? - MayoClinic.com
Mannitol is a medication sometimes used to reduce brain swelling after a stroke. ... enough evidence to support the routine use of mannitol in acute stroke treatment. ...
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/mannitol/AN01845/rss=1
www.mayoclinic.com
-
summary
Abstract for TR-236 - D-Mannitol - National Toxicology Program
Home " Study Results & Research Projects " NTP Study Reports " All Long-Term ... To view structure, download free Chemscape Chime Plug-in ...
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=070659A4-94A7-5042-0C34EBE274CB7FE2
ntp.niehs.nih.gov
-
summary
The effects of histamine and leukotriene receptor antagonism on nasal ...
Inhaled dry powder mannitol for use as an indirect bronchial provocation is now ... Mannitol acts as a hyperosmolar stimulus causing nasal hyper-reactivity as ...
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1884269
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
-
summary
mannitol
Osmotic diuretics, such as mannitol, are administered in sufficiently large ... Cochrane review: Mannitol for acute traumatic brain injury ...
http://www.who.int/emlib/MedicineDisplay.aspx?Language=EN&Me...
www.who.int
-
summary
Mannitol facts and comparsions at Drugs.com
All about Mannitol. View complete and up to date Mannitol information - part of the Drugs.com trusted medication database. ... Mannitol may cause dizziness. ...
http://www.drugs.com/cdi/mannitol.html
www.drugs.com
-
summary
Mannitol for acute stroke.
BACKGROUND: Mannitol is an osmotic agent and a free radical scavenger so it ... Neither beneficial nor harmful effects of mannitol could be proved. ...
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11279707?dopt=Abstract
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
-
summary
Osmitrol Injection in Viaflex (Mannitol Injection in Viaflex Plastic ...
Learn about the prescription medication Osmitrol Injection in Viaflex (Mannitol Injection in Viaflex Plastic Container), drug uses, dosage, side effects, drug ...
http://www.rxlist.com/osmitrol-in-viaflex-drug.htm
www.rxlist.com
-
summary
Drug Information for Mannitol (GU Irrigant) Urth - WebMD
Find medical information for Mannitol (GU Irrigant) Urth including side effects, drug interactions, images and pictures, medication uses, warnings, user ratings and ...
http://www.webmd.com/drugs/drug-75809-Mannitol+GU+Irrigant+U...
www.webmd.com
-
summary
Definition of mannitol - National Cancer Institute Drug Dictionary
mannitol ... Mannitol is freely filtered by the glomerulus and poorly reabsorbed from the ... In addition, mannitol elevates blood plasma osmolarity, resulting ...
http://www.nci.nih.gov/Templates/drugdictionary.aspx?CdrID=39493
www.nci.nih.gov
-
summary
mannitol-injectable Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com
mannitol-injectable glossary includes a list of mannitol-injectable related medical definitions and related links on MedicineNet.com
http://www.medicinenet.com/mannitol-injectable/glossary.htm
www.medicinenet.com
-
summary
Mannitol-1-phosphatase - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
... enzymology, a mannitol-1-phosphatase ... This enzyme is also called mannitol-1-phosphate phosphatase. ... EGO entry for GO code 0050084: mannitol-1-phosphatase ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannitol-1-phosphatase
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
Mannitol Drug Information, Professional
Mannitol Drug Information from Drugs.com. Includes Mannitol side effects, interactions and indications. ... Mannitol remains in the extracellular compartment. ...
http://www.drugs.com/MMX/Mannitol.html
www.drugs.com
-
summary
Osmitrol Injection in Aviva (Mannitol Injection in Aviva Plastic ...
Learn about the prescription medication Osmitrol Injection in Aviva (Mannitol Injection in Aviva Plastic Container), drug uses, dosage, side effects, drug ...
http://www.rxlist.com/osmitrol-in-aviva-drug.htm
www.rxlist.com
-
summary
Drug Information for Mannitol 15 % IV - WebMD
Find medical information for Mannitol 15 % IV including side effects, drug interactions, images and pictures, medication uses, warnings, user ratings and reviews.
http://www.webmd.com/drugs/drug-149413-Mannitol+15++IV.aspx?...
www.webmd.com
-
summary
Mannitol
Comparative effects of saline and mannitol on renal cortical blood flow and ... Mannitol ... responses to hyperosmotic mannitol in anesthetized and conscious ...
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1271822
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
-
summary
Variation in osmotic response to sustained mannitol administration.
BACKGROUND: Osmotic agents such as mannitol remain a mainstay in the management ... 73 patients (44%) did not respond to mannitol with a rise in sodium of > or =5 ...
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18563637
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
-
summary
Sorbitol-Mannitol Official FDA information, side effects and uses.
Accurate, FDA approved Sorbitol-Mannitol information for healthcare professionals and patients - brought to you by Drugs.com.
http://www.drugs.com/pro/sorbitol-mannitol.html
www.drugs.com
-
summary
Mannitol dehydrogenase - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sequence analysis of a mannitol dehydrogenase cDNA from plants reveals a ... EGO entry for GO code 0046029: mannitol dehydrogenase ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannitol_dehydrogenase
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
MANNITOL - INJECTABLE (Osmitrol) side effects, medical uses, and drug ...
Read doctor-produced health and medical information written for you to make informed decisions ... View All 5 mannitol-injectable Doctor's & Expert's Views " ...
http://www.medicinenet.com/mannitol-injectable/index.htm
www.medicinenet.com
-
summary
Drug Information for Mannitol 20 % IV - WebMD
Find medical information for Mannitol 20 % IV including side effects, drug interactions, images and pictures, medication uses, warnings, user ratings and reviews.
http://www.webmd.com/drugs/drug-149415-Mannitol+20++IV.aspx?...
www.webmd.com
-
summary
Mannitol Side Effects | Drugs.com
Comprehensive and accurate Mannitol side effects information for consumers and healthcare professionals. ... SEVERE side effects occur when using Mannitol: ...
http://www.drugs.com/sfx/mannitol-side-effects.html
www.drugs.com
-
summary
The safety and efficacy of inhaled dry powder mannitol as a bronchial ...
Sensitivity to mannitol is reduced or even totally inhibited following chronic ... In these respects challenge with mannitol is different from challenge with ...
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1326200
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
-
summary
Mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mannitol metabolism, a transferable property of pneumococcus". J. Biol. Chem. ... EGO entry for GO code 0008926: mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannitol-1-phosphate_5-dehydrogenase
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
Drug Information for Mannitol (Bulk) Misc - WebMD
Find medical information for Mannitol (Bulk) Misc including side effects, drug interactions, images and pictures, medication uses, warnings, user ratings and reviews.
http://www.webmd.com/drugs/drug-16300-Mannitol++Bulk++Misc.a...
www.webmd.com
-
summary
SecreFlo (Secretin) Drug Information: Uses, Side Effects, Drug ...
Learn about the prescription medication SecreFlo (Secretin), drug uses, dosage, ... secretin, 15 mg of L-cysteine hydrochloride, and 20 mg of mannitol per vial. ...
http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/secretin.htm
www.rxlist.com
-
summary
Comparison of isotonic and hypertonic fluids in resuscitation from ...
Infusion of mannitol has also been advocated as a means of increasing cardiac ... Mannitol. Grant Support: GM24901/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ...
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3092381
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
-
summary
Cutting agent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This Article may contain original research or unverified claims. ... are still commonly cut with substances such as mannitol, inositol, and lactose. ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_agent
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
Cytotoxic Effect of Curcumin on Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum ...
Coincubation with 50 ?M mannitol diminished the curcumin-induced ROS level (Fig. 2C) ... The results showed that mannitol alone did not significantly improve the ...
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1797756
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
-
summary
Pentostatin - PubChem Public Chemical Database
PubChem Compound Summary ... A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. ... Each vial contains 10 mg of pentostatin and 50 mg of Mannitol, USP. The pH of the final ...
http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=181721
pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
-
summary
Osmitrol Official FDA information, side effects and uses.
Accurate, FDA approved Osmitrol information for healthcare professionals and patients - brought to you by Drugs.com. ... Mannitol is an obligatory osmotic diuretic. ...
http://www.drugs.com/pro/Osmitrol.html
www.drugs.com
-
summary
Introduction: Coma and Impaired Consciousness: Merck Manual Professional
Mannitol Some Trade Names. OSMITROL. RESECTISOL. Click for Drug Monograph ... or pulmonary vascular congestion because mannitol Some Trade Names ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec16/ch212/ch212a.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Mannitol salt agar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
It is also a differential medium, containing mannitol and the indicator phenol red. ... Staphylococcus (Mannitol salt agar) · Enterococcus (Bile esculin agar) ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannitol_Salt_Agar
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
Dose dependent effects of protracted ingestion of small amounts of ...
... test with cellobiose/mannitol, and serum antigliadin ... Urinary mannitol: lactulose excretion ratios and jejunal mucosal structure. Arch Dis Child. ...
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1374413
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
-
summary
Alomide (Lodoxamide Tromethamine) Drug Information: Uses, Side Effects ...
Learn about the prescription medication Alomide (Lodoxamide Tromethamine), drug uses, dosage, side effects, drug ... Inactive: mannitol, hypromellose 2910, ...
http://www.rxlist.com/alomide-drug.htm
www.rxlist.com
-
summary
Mannitol 2-dehydrogenase - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In enzymology, a mannitol 2-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.67) is an enzyme that ... EGO entry for GO code 0050086: mannitol 2-dehydrogenase ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannitol_2-dehydrogenase
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
Pharmaceutical Particle Engineering via Spray Drying
Copyright © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007 ... Particle Engineering, Pearl Therapeutics, Inc., 200 Saginaw Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063 USA ...
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2292490
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
-
summary
ChemIDPlus/HSDB 69-65-8 Chemical - National Toxicology Program
MANNITOL...USED IN VARIOUS WAYS: (1) AS FLAVOR CARRIER OR FLAVOR ... Mannitol, given by intra-amniotic injection, has been used for the induction of abortion. ...
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=E88233DE-BDB5-82F8-F875D68A5856C6A2
ntp.niehs.nih.gov
-
summary
Nardil (Phenelzine) Drug Information: Uses, Side Effects, Drug ...
Learn about the prescription medication Nardil (Phenelzine), drug uses, ... the following inactive ingredients: mannitol, USP; croscarmellose sodium, NF; ...
http://www.rxlist.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=73340
www.rxlist.com
-
summary
Dantrolene - PubChem Public Chemical Database
PubChem Compound Summary ... It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular ... containing 20 mg dantrolene sodium, 3000 mg mannitol, and sufficient sodium ...
http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=7849406
pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
-
summary
Increased resistance to oxidative stress in transgenic plants by ...
... tabacum) lines accumulate mannitol at concentrations ranging from ... The presence of mannitol in chloroplasts resulted in an increased resistance to ...
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=158240
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
-
summary
Mannitol hexanitrate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mannitol hexanitrate is a secondary explosive formed by the nitration of ... Mannitol hexanitrate. Xylitol pentanitrate. Erythritol tetranitrate ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannitol_hexanitrate
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
Miraluma (Technetium Tc99m sestamibi) Drug Information: Uses, Side ...
Learn about the prescription medication Miraluma (Technetium Tc99m sestamibi), drug uses, dosage, side effects, drug ... Mannitol - 20 mg. Stannous Chloride, ...
http://www.rxlist.com/miraluma-drug.htm#od
www.rxlist.com
-
summary
show more
1
2
Chat with eNurse Kim about 'mannitol' or something else!
quick facts
related diagnosis category
hematological
faq/about
|
disclaimer
|
privacy policy
|
terms of service
|
browse
|
feedback
|
beta
|
contact
|
API - Catalyst
MEDgle does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Copyright 2006-2007, MEDgle Inc.
All Rights Reserved. MEDgle is NOT affiliated with Google. Last Updated: Oct 27, 2009
This site complies to the
HONcode standard for trustworthy health
information:
verify here
.
Invited Sponsor for Communications Conference
Finalist -- search & reference