Search your symptoms with MEDgle. You can check your symptoms. It is a medical symptom search allowing you find out what options make sense for you.
CLOSE
PATIENT GPS
patients
healthcare providers
how it works
about
login
edit search
new search
symptoms
diagnoses
physicians
drugs
procedures
close
symptoms
diagnoses
drugs
procedures
physicians
symptom duration
0-3 days
4-14 days
2 weeks-2 months
2-6 months
6 months +
add symptom to current symptom search
same as above
0-3 days
4-14 days
2 weeks-2 months
2-6 months
6 months +
add symptom to current symptom search
same as above
0-3 days
4-14 days
2 weeks-2 months
2-6 months
6 months +
add symptom to current symptom search
same as above
0-3 days
4-14 days
2 weeks-2 months
2-6 months
6 months +
gender
male
female
age
1-3
4-11
12-17
18-29
30-50
50+
age
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
calculate
visual
[hide visual search]
search visually
symptoms
|
diagnoses
|
drugs
|
procedures
|
physicians
search symptoms
•
Find causes for your symptoms
•
Discover relevant types of physicians
search diagnoses
•
Understand the details of a diagnosis
•
Learn about relevant tests and treatments
•
Find useful resources on the web
search drugs
•
Learn about different therapeutic drugs
•
Understand what they are used for
•
Know the potential options
search procedures
•
Learn about different diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
•
Understand what they are used for
•
Know the potential options
search physicians
•
Find physicians in your area
•
Understand what they do
•
Get the right help you need
reduced results from
1 trillion
212 M
28 M
860
690
to ~293 options
options split into images, definition, symptoms, related diagnoses, diagnostic tests, therapies, and medications
category
gastrointestinal
frequency
rare (U.S.)
More common in those 30 years or older, but can occur in all age groups.
likelihood by age
likelyhood by duration of symptoms
related physician types
gastroenterologist
family practitioner
internist
postal code
Find Local
The results are computer generated suggestions to help you find a physician. MEDgle does not recommend any particular type of physician or claim to be complete or accurate in the providers and specialties suggested.
esophageal rupture - rupture of tube connecting stomach and pharynx
Definition for esophageal rupture
Boerhaave syndrome (also called Boerhaave's syndrome) is rupture of the esophagus. It is generally caused by excessive vomiting in eating disorders such as bulimia although it may rarely occur in extremely forceful coughing or other situations.
more
Boerhaave syndrome (also called Boerhaave's syndrome) is rupture of the esophagus. It is generally caused by excessive vomiting in eating disorders such as bulimia although it may rarely occur in extremely forceful coughing or other situations. It can cause pneumomediastinum and/or mediastinitis (air or inflammation of the mediastinum) and sepsis. This condition was first documented by Herman Boerhaave after whom it is named.
less
some common symptoms
chest pain
difficulty breathing
palpitations
passing out
some related diagnoses
1 - 7 of
292
diagnoses
allergic reaction
drugs and toxins
trauma
food allergy
Crohn Disease
inflammatory bowel disease
intraabdominal perforation
more
do i have 'esophageal rupture'?
In addition the following diagnostic tests might be need to help verify the diagnosis:
diagnostic test search results for 'esophageal rupture'
1 - 5 of
25
diagnostic tests
CT chest
esophageal rupture and CT chest
Activated partial thromboplastin time
esophageal rupture and Activated partial thromboplastin time
Arterial Blood Gas
esophageal rupture and Arterial Blood Gas
Blood, Platelet Count
Platelet Count
esophageal rupture and Blood, Platelet Count
Chest X-ray
Radiological technique to image the chest
esophageal rupture and Chest X-ray
Complete Blood Count
esophageal rupture and Complete Blood Count
Complete metabolic panel
esophageal rupture and Complete metabolic panel
Pulse oximetry
Oximetry
esophageal rupture and Pulse oximetry
Gastrografin imaging of the GI tract
esophageal rupture and Gastrografin imaging of the GI tract
Barium Swallow
esophageal rupture and Barium Swallow
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Chest
esophageal rupture and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Chest
Prothrombin Time (PT)
esophageal rupture and Prothrombin Time (PT)
ABO Blood Groups
esophageal rupture and ABO Blood Groups
Nasogastric decompression
esophageal rupture and Nasogastric decompression
Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q) perfusion scan lungs
esophageal rupture and Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q) perfusion scan lungs
Blood Type and Crossmatch
esophageal rupture and Blood Type and Crossmatch
CT scan
esophageal rupture and CT scan
Cardiac monitoring
esophageal rupture and Cardiac monitoring
Fluoroscopy
esophageal rupture and Fluoroscopy
Intravenous (IV) lactated Ringer (LR) solution
esophageal rupture and Intravenous (IV) lactated Ringer (LR) solution
Multisection CT
esophageal rupture and Multisection CT
fluoroscopic esophagogram
esophageal rupture and fluoroscopic esophagogram
serum electrolytes
esophageal rupture and serum electrolytes
stop the bleeding
esophageal rupture and stop the bleeding
urine output
esophageal rupture and urine output
for more please login, login is free (click to login)
therapeutic procedures for 'esophageal rupture'?
Managing or treating a diseases should always be determined by a patients health care provider. Below is a list of associated therapeutic procedures or medications for esophageal rupture:
therapeutic procedure search results for 'esophageal rupture'
1 - 5 of
19
therapeutic procedures
rankings are computer generated. please consult your health care provider.
Oxygen
esophageal rupture and Oxygen
Esophageal stent
esophageal rupture and Esophageal stent
Esophageal resection
esophageal rupture and Esophageal resection
surgical intervention
esophageal rupture and surgical intervention
Endotracheal Intubation
Intubation
esophageal rupture and Endotracheal Intubation
Endoscopic placement of fibrin sealant
esophageal rupture and Endoscopic placement of fibrin sealant
Diversion of esophagus
esophageal rupture and Diversion of esophagus
Tube thoracostomy
esophageal rupture and Tube thoracostomy
Nasogastric decompression
esophageal rupture and Nasogastric decompression
ABO Blood Groups
esophageal rupture and ABO Blood Groups
Blood Transfusion
Transfusion of blood through a vein
esophageal rupture and Blood Transfusion
Blood Type and Crossmatch
esophageal rupture and Blood Type and Crossmatch
Endoscopic surgery
esophageal rupture and Endoscopic surgery
Fibrin glue or fibrin tissue adhesives
esophageal rupture and Fibrin glue or fibrin tissue adhesives
Intravenous (IV) fluids
esophageal rupture and Intravenous (IV) fluids
Intravenous (IV) lactated Ringer (LR) solution
esophageal rupture and Intravenous (IV) lactated Ringer (LR) solution
Intravenous (IV) normal saline (NS)
esophageal rupture and Intravenous (IV) normal saline (NS)
Nothing by Mouth (NPO)
esophageal rupture and Nothing by Mouth (NPO)
stent implantation
esophageal rupture and stent implantation
for more please login, login is free (click to login)
medications search results for 'esophageal rupture'
rankings are computer generated. please consult your health care provider.
web search results for esophageal rupture
Web (All)
|
Treatment
|
Drugs
|
Tests
|
Research
|
Diet
Results
1 - 50
- esophageal rupture
Esophageal Rupture: Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders: Merck Manual ...
... · Dysphagia· Esophageal Diverticula·Esophageal Rupture· Gastroesophageal Reflux ... Esophageal rupture may be iatrogenic during endoscopic procedures or other ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec02/ch012/ch012k.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Esophageal Rupture: Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders: Merck Manual ...
... Disorders. Subject. Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders. Esophageal Rupture ... Esophageal rupture may be iatrogenic during endoscopic procedures or other ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/print/sec02/ch012/ch012k.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Obstructive Disorders: Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders: Merck ...
... · Dysphagia· Esophageal Diverticula· Esophageal Rupture· Gastroesophageal Reflux ... usually occur only when the esophageal lumen is < 12 mm in diameter ...
http://merck.com/mmpe/sec02/ch012/ch012d.html
merck.com
-
summary
Dr Temes
thoracic surgery - Cleveland Clinic Department of Thoracic Surgery ... R, Ketai L, Wernly J. Esophageal rupture after regional anesthesia: report of two cases. ...
http://www.clevelandclinic.org/thoracic/Surgeons/Temes_Publications.htm
www.clevelandclinic.org
-
summary
Abnormal Propulsion of Food: Esophageal Disorders: Merck Manual Home ...
Esophageal rupture leads to severe inflammation in the chest outside the ... Immediate surgery is needed to close the rupture in the wall of the esophagus. ...
http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec09/ch120/ch120b.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Esophageal candidiasis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Endoscopic image of esophageal candidiasis in a patient after chemotherapy. ... Esophagitis (Candidal) · rupture (Boerhaave syndrome, Mallory-Weiss syndrome) ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
Bleeding Esophageal Varices - MedlinePlus
Fact sheet about the life-threatening condition in which dilated veins in the walls of the lower part of the esophagus or upper part of the stomach rupture.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000268.htm
www.nlm.nih.gov
-
summary
Injury: Esophageal Disorders: Merck Manual Home Edition
This rupture allows food contents to spill into the ... Such rupture is called Boerhaave's syndrome. An esophageal rupture leads to severe inflammation ...
http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec09/ch120/ch120d.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Topic: Anxiety and Chest Pain
... from the stomach washing back into the esophagus), gallstones, esophageal spasm, esophageal rupture, varicose veins of the esophagus, strictures of the esophagus, ...
http://my.clevelandclinic.org/heart/askdoctor/anxietycp.aspx
my.clevelandclinic.org
-
summary
Bleeding esophageal varices
Bleeding esophageal varices occur when veins in the walls of the ... may break open (rupture) ... Esophageal stricture after surgery or endoscopic therapy ...
http://adam.about.com/encyclopedia/infectiousdiseases/Bleedi...
adam.about.com
-
summary
Dysphagia: Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders: Merck Manual Professional
... ·Dysphagia· Esophageal Diverticula· Esophageal Rupture· Gastroesophageal Reflux ... classified as oropharyngeal or esophageal, depending on where it occurs. ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec02/ch012/ch012b.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Motility Disorders: Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders: Merck Manual ...
... · Dysphagia· Esophageal Diverticula· Esophageal Rupture· Gastroesophageal ... Esophageal rupture and secondary mediastinitis requiring surgical repair occur ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec02/ch012/ch012e.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Bleeding esophageal varices on MedicineNet.com
Information about bleeding varices in the esophagus or stomach includes symptoms, treatment, and prevention. ... They cause no symptoms unless they rupture and bleed. ...
http://www.medicinenet.com/bleeding_varices/article.htm
www.medicinenet.com
-
summary
Diffuse esophageal spasm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
'Diffuse esophageal spasm' (DES) is a condition in which uncoordinated ... Esophagitis (Candidal) · rupture (Boerhaave syndrome, Mallory-Weiss syndrome) ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_esophageal_spasm
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
Esophageal Diverticula: Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders: Merck ...
... · Dysphagia·Esophageal Diverticula· Esophageal Rupture· Gastroesophageal Reflux ... Next: Esophageal Rupture. Audio. Figures. Photographs. Sidebars. Tables ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec02/ch012/ch012f.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Esophageal and Swallowing ...
... · Dysphagia· Esophageal Diverticula· Esophageal Rupture·Gastroesophageal Reflux ... Previous: Esophageal Rupture. Next: Hiatus Hernia. Audio. Figures ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec02/ch012/ch012g.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Search Results
Esophageal Rupture: Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders: Merck Manual ... Esophageal rupture may be iatrogenic during endoscopic procedures or other. ...
http://www.merck.com/mrksearch/SearchServlet?filtN=professio...
www.merck.com
-
summary
Esophageal cancer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Esophageal cancer is malignancy of the esophagus. ... Esophagitis (Candidal) - rupture (Boerhaave syndrome, Mallory-Weiss syndrome) ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_carcinoma
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
What Are Bleeding Varices?
WebMD gives information about bleeding varices, a complication ... The varices are fragile and can rupture easily, resulting in a large amount of blood loss. ...
http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/bleeding-varices
www.webmd.com
-
summary
Esophageal stricture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Benign esophageal stricture is a narrowing of the esophagus that causes ... Esophagitis (Candidal) · rupture (Boerhaave syndrome, Mallory-Weiss syndrome) ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_stricture
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
Index: ES: Merck Manual Professional
Infectious Esophageal Disorders: Candida. Candidiasis (Invasive): Etiology and Epidemiology ... rupture of. Esophageal Rupture. pleural effusion with ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/index/ind_es.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Motility Disorders: Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders: Merck Manual ...
Esophageal manometry is usually done and typically shows aperistalsis, increased ... Esophageal rupture and secondary mediastinitis requiring surgical repair occur ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/print/sec02/ch012/ch012e.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Esophageal varices - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In medicine (gastroenterology), esophageal varices are extremely dilated sub ... Esophagitis (Candidal) · rupture (Boerhaave syndrome, Mallory-Weiss syndrome) ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_varices
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
Cricopharyngeal Incoordination: Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders ...
... · Dysphagia· Esophageal Diverticula· Esophageal Rupture· Gastroesophageal Reflux ... · Hiatus Hernia· Infectious Esophageal Disorders· Mallory-Weiss Syndrome ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec02/ch012/ch012c.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Bleeding Varices
They cause no symptoms unless they rupture and bleed. ... The varices are fragile and can rupture easily, resulting in a large amount of blood loss. ...
http://my.clevelandclinic.org/disorders/esophageal_varices/h...
my.clevelandclinic.org
-
summary
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis ...
Learn about primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a disease with no symptoms ... Internal bleeding due to rupture of esophageal varices ...
http://www.medicinenet.com/primary_sclerosing_cholangitis/page5.htm
www.medicinenet.com
-
summary
WHO-FIC Education Committee 5 May 2006
... was rupture of esophageal varices due to portal hypertension due to liver ... I a) Rupture of esophageal varices 1 month. b) Liver fibrosis years ...
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ppt/icd9/TrainingCertifiersRB.ppt
www.cdc.gov
-
summary
Hiatus Hernia: Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders: Merck Manual ...
... · Dysphagia· Esophageal Diverticula· Esophageal Rupture· Gastroesophageal Reflux ... (GERD)·Hiatus Hernia· Infectious Esophageal Disorders· Mallory-Weiss Syndrome ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec02/ch012/ch012h.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome: Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders: Merck ...
... · Dysphagia· Esophageal Diverticula· Esophageal Rupture· Gastroesophageal Reflux ... (GERD)· Hiatus Hernia· Infectious Esophageal Disorders·Mallory-Weiss Syndrome ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec02/ch012/ch012j.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Esophageal disease - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Esophagitis (Candidal) · rupture (Boerhaave syndrome, Mallory-Weiss syndrome) ... EA/TEF (Esophageal atresia: types A, B, C, and D, Tracheoesophageal fistula: ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_disease
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
Chest Pain: Approach to the Cardiac Patient: Merck Manual Professional
... dissection, tension pneumothorax, esophageal rupture, pulmonary embolism) are ... may be due to pulmonary embolism, pericarditis, acute MI, or esophageal rupture. ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/print/sec07/ch069/ch069b.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Gastrointestinal Disorders: Merck Manual Professional
Esophageal foreign bodies. Gastric and intestinal ... Esophageal Rupture. Symptoms and Signs. Diagnosis. Treatment. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec02.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Potential mechanisms connecting asthma, esophageal reflux, and obesity/sleep ... Esophagitis (Candidal) · rupture (Boerhaave syndrome, Mallory-Weiss syndrome) ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
Infectious Esophageal Disorders: Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders ...
... · Dysphagia· Esophageal Diverticula· Esophageal Rupture· Gastroesophageal Reflux ... Esophageal infection is rare in patients with normal host defenses. ...
https://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec02/ch012/ch012i.html
/www.merck.com
-
summary
Table of Contents: Emergency Medicine
emedicine features up-to-date, searchable, peer-reviewed medical journals in emergency medicine, internal medicine, ... Esophageal Perforation, Rupture and ...
http://author.emedicine.com/emerg/GASTROINTESTINAL.htm
author.emedicine.com
-
summary
Echocardiogram - Yahoo! Health
The different types of echocardiograms are: ... esophagus that could rupture and bleed (esophageal varices), or severe arthritis ...
http://health.yahoo.com/heart-diagnosis/echocardiogram/healthwise--hw212692.html
health.yahoo.com
-
summary
Esophageal varices - MayoClinic.com
Esophageal varices â?" Comprehensive overview covers symptoms, treatment ... Sometimes, esophageal varices can rupture, causing a life-threatening condition. ...
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/esophageal-varices/DS00820/METHOD=print
www.mayoclinic.com
-
summary
Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Abnormalities of Pregnancy: Merck Manual ...
Pregnancy frequently causes nausea and vomiting; the cause appears to be rapidly ... widespread fatty degeneration, Wernicke's encephalopathy, or esophageal rupture. ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/print/sec18/ch263/ch263h.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Abnormalities of Pregnancy: Merck Manual ...
Introduction· Abruptio Placentae· Cervical Incompetence· Chorioamnionitis ... widespread fatty degeneration, Wernicke's encephalopathy, or esophageal rupture. ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec18/ch263/ch263h.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Esophageal food bolus obstruction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
While some esophageal food boluses can pass by themselves or ... which would predispose the esophagus to rupture or the procedure to fail should be avoided. ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_food_bolus_obstruction
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
Esophageal motility disorder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An esophageal motility disorder is a medical disorder causing difficulty in ... Esophagitis (Candidal) · rupture (Boerhaave syndrome, Mallory-Weiss syndrome) ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_motility_disorder
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
Pneumomediastinum: Mediastinal and Pleural Disorders: Merck Manual ...
... are alveolar rupture with dissection of air into the mediastinum, esophageal ... is secondary to esophageal or bowel rupture, but not necessarily if ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/print/sec05/ch060/ch060f.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Esophageal varices: Causes - MayoClinic.com
Esophageal varices â?" Comprehensive overview covers symptoms, treatment ... fragile, thin-walled veins to balloon outward and sometimes to rupture and bleed. ...
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/esophageal-varices/DS00820/DSECTION=causes
www.mayoclinic.com
-
summary
Obstruction: Esophageal Disorders: Merck Manual Home Edition
esophageal. esophagus. gastroesophageal reflux. sideropenic dysphagia ... If not, a doctor can rupture it using a dilator or an endoscope. Lower Esophageal Ring ...
http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec09/ch120/ch120e.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Diaphragmatic rupture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Diaphragmatic rupture (also called diaphragmatic injury or tear) is ... Esophageal injury. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragmatic_rupture" ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragmatic_rupture
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
Index: EN: Merck Manual Professional
... During Oral-Dental, Respiratory Tract, or Esophageal Procedures ... esophageal rupture with. Esophageal Rupture. gastrointestinal. Endoscopy. sigmoidoscopy ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/index/ind_en.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Myocardial rupture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Risk factors for rupture after an acute myocardial infarction include female ... Esophageal injury. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_rupture" ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_rupture
en.wikipedia.org
-
summary
Achalasia symptoms, signs, diagnosis and treatment on MedicineNet.com
How is esophageal function abnormal in achalasia? What causes achalasia? ... without surgery, though patients with rupture who do not require surgery still ...
http://www.medicinenet.com/achalasia/page5.htm
www.medicinenet.com
-
summary
Index: BO: Merck Manual Professional
Ear, Nose, Throat, and Dental Disorders. Endocrine and ... Esophageal Rupture. Mediastinitis. Boils. Furuncles and Carbuncles. Bolivian hemorrhagic fever ...
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/index/ind_bo.html
www.merck.com
-
summary
Echocardiogram
An echocardiogram (also called an echo) is a type of ultrasound test that uses high - pitched sound waves that are ... rupture and bleed (esophageal varices) ...
http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/echocardiogram?page=6
www.webmd.com
-
summary
show more
1
2
faq/about
|
disclaimer
|
privacy policy
|
terms of service
|
browse
|
beta
|
contact
|
API - Catalyst
MEDgle does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Copyright 2006-2011, MEDgle Inc. All Rights Reserved. MEDgle is NOT affiliated with Google. Last Updated: July 24, 2011
This site complies to the
HONcode standard for trustworthy health
information:
verify here
.
Invited Sponsor for Communications Conference
Finalist -- search & reference
MEDgle has been selected for the 2009 Best of Business Award in the Medical research
Featured Partners:
SEO Services
,
Search Engine Marketing
,
Parenting & Baby Information